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System of systems is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems. Currently, systems of systems is a critical research discipline for which frames of reference, thought processes, quantitative analysis, tools, and design methods are incomplete.〔Popper, S., Bankes, S., Callaway, R., and DeLaurentis, D., (''System-of-Systems Symposium: Report on a Summer Conversation'' ), July 21–22, 2004, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, VA.〕 The methodology for defining, abstracting, modeling, and analyzing system of systems problems is typically referred to as system of systems engineering. == Overview == Commonly proposed descriptions—not necessarily definitions—of systems of systems,〔collected partly from: () Jamshidi, M., "System-of-Systems Engineering - A Definition," IEEE SMC 2005, 10-12 Oct. 2005.〕 are outlined below in order of their appearance in the literature: # Linking systems into joint system of systems allows for the interoperability and synergism of Command, Control, Computers, Communications, and Information (C4I) and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Systems:〔Manthorpe Jr., W.H., "The Emerging Joint System-of-Systems: A Systems Engineering Challenge and Opportunity for APL," Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Vol. 17, No. 3 (1996), pp. 305–310. ()〕 ''description in the field of information superiority in modern military''. # System of systems are large-scale concurrent and distributed systems the components of which are complex systems themselves:〔Kotov, V. "Systems-of-Systems as Communicating Structures," Hewlett Packard Computer Systems Laboratory Paper HPL-97-124, (1997), pp. 1–15. ()〕 ''description in the field of communicating structures and information systems in private enterprise''. #System of systems education involves the integration of systems into system of systems that ultimately contribute to evolution of the social infrastructure:〔Luskasik, S.J. "Systems, Systems-of-Systems, and the Education of Engineers," Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis, and Manufacturing, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1998), pp. 55-60.〕 ''description in the field of education of engineers on the importance of systems and their integration''. # System of systems integration is a method to pursue development, integration, interoperability, and optimization of systems to enhance performance in future battlefield scenarios:〔Pei, R.S., "Systems-of-Systems Integration (SoSI) – A Smart Way of Acquiring Army C4I2WS Systems," Proceedings of the Summer Computer Simulation Conference, (2000), pp. 574-579.〕 ''description in the field of information intensive systems integration in the military''. # Modern systems that comprise system of systems problems are not monolithic, rather they have five common characteristics: operational independence of the individual systems, managerial independence of the systems, geographical distribution, emergent behavior and evolutionary development: ''description in the field of evolutionary acquisition of complex adaptive systems in the military''. # Enterprise systems of systems engineering is focused on coupling traditional systems engineering activities with enterprise activities of strategic planning and investment analysis:〔Carlock, P.G., and R.E. Fenton. "System-of-Systems (SoS) Enterprise Systems for Information-Intensive Organizations," Systems Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2001), pp. 242-261.〕 ''description in the field of information intensive systems in private enterprise''. #System of systems problems are a collection of trans-domain networks of heterogeneous systems that are likely to exhibit operational and managerial independence, geographical distribution, and emergent and evolutionary behaviors that would not be apparent if the systems and their interactions are modeled separately:〔DeLaurentis, D. "Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Design Problem," 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 10–13, 2005. AIAA-2005-0123. () 〕 ''description in the field of National Transportation System, Integrated Military and Space Exploration''. Taken together, all these descriptions suggest that a complete system of systems engineering framework is needed to improve decision support for system of systems problems. Specifically, an effective system of systems engineering framework is needed to help decision makers to determine whether related infrastructure, policy, and/or technology considerations as an interrelated whole are good, bad, or neutral over time.〔() DeLaurentis, D., Callaway, R.K., "A System-of-Systems Perspective for Public Policy Decisions," Review of Public Policy Research, Vol. 21, Issue 6, Nov. 2004, pp. 829-837.〕 The need to solve system of systems problems is urgent not only because of the growing complexity of today's grand challenges, but also because such problems require large monetary and resource investments with multi-generational consequences. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「system of systems」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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